Chinas Historic Transformation from a Dynasty to Communism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2159 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Communism Essay Did you like this example? China as a regional power in Asia carried the reputation as The Middle Kingdom as its name literally translates. This reflects the historical position of power China held in the region. This enabled the nation to greatly influence the political affairs of other countries in the region. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Chinas Historic Transformation from a Dynasty to Communism" essay for you Create order This status of power of power that China had in the days of its Glory as The Middle Kingdom is is particularly synonymous with that Ancients Romes influence on the European continent. The Chinese were able to reinforce their dominance by establishing themselves as culturally, ethnically, and religiously superior to their neighbors. This tactic was, in fact, customary for every major civilization of the past as well as those of present. This ideology was perpetuated by every sitting emperor of The Middle Kingdom and remained central to the Chinese identity and perception of the changing world around them. This attitude would eventually lead to their ensuing calamity and subsequent downfall but not before theyve enjoyed great success trading with the West. Early into the 18th century, The Middle Kingdom prospered tremendously in their trade relations with Europe leading into rapidly growing economies in both sides. This success came during the Qing dynasty. In the terms of the trade, the Chinese government mandated silver as the only material of value to be traded for commodities with the western powers. This would go on for years until the British silver reserves were almost deplenished. This particular trade deficit would have the British East India company restrategize its trading terms with China with the introduction of opium otherwise Heroin for silver into the Chinese economy. This was essentially done to reverse the transference of precious metals back to the British reserves. The opium trade would official kick off in the year 1719 with about 200 chests and a 200 percent increase later in the year 1838, essentially amounting to 40000 chests. Each chest of opium would account for 63kg of the addictive substance. This would pr ove to be catastrophic for the Chinese economy as thousands of hours would be lost in productivity thereby severely inhibiting economic success and industrial output. The populace would be hooked on the drug and China was now running out of silver itself. Later in the year 1839, the sitting emperor, Daoguang, would have had enough the madness going on in his country. He imposed an import ban on the British opium which also resulted in the destruction of tons of the drug. This act would infuriate the British Kingdom that would later take up arms. Little did Daoguang know that his action would cause a political uproar against his government. The British Kingdom responded aggressively with its Navy that was sent to China to demand compensation for the loss of trade and economic deprivation. This conflict would escalate to what is now commonly regarded as the opium wars. The Chinese Navy was no match for the British counterpart and they lost the war. The Chinese would later cede the island of Hong Kong to the British and in an interesting twist, post first opium war, the import of opium increased by more than 350 percent from the initial 200 chests to an astonishing 70000 chests. Perspectively, this number can be equated to the total heroin traded between the start of the millennium and 2010. The humiliation served by the British Navy to their Chinese counterpart was brought about by only 44 battle-ready ships. This perceived vulnerability of the Chinese army would leave them under potential threats. It did in fact, lead to the second opium war which let the French and Americans gain several additional trading ports which gave them unrestricted access to The Middle Kingdom. This would also result in the annexation of the Northeastern regions of China by their far eastern neighbors, Russia, as todays Vladivostok and Sakhalin Island. With opium also came Christianity. Smaller European nations would also attempt to subjugate China by carving up a coalition in Asia. This placed China on the limelight as they became a thing of ridicule. The aggression of the small European nations would later force the Qing dynasty to cede the port City of Macau for an indefinite amount of time to the Portuguese. Following these events, China would suffer what is known as the Yellow River Flood that ended up claiming the life of an estimated 1 million people with over 2 million more without shelter and basic amenities. A pandemic and famine ensued throughout The Middle Kingdom shortly after that escalated and cause a particularly historic social unrest which resulted in the more aggression from the Korean Peninsula. During this period, China would experience a severe form of social unrest. Later in the years 1894 and 1895, the ruling Qing dynasty would lose influence over the Korean Peninsula and subsequently Taiwan. This period would be followed by the First Sino-Japanese War where the Japanese troops of about 240t,000 would deal a great blow to the 630,000 strong Chinese military. A historic defeat, this would lead to The Middle Kingdom ceding both Taiwan and the Korean peninsula in Perpetuity. Later in the year 1899, the Chinese civilians from the boxer rebellion would take up arms to brin g the spread western religious identity and Chinas enslavement to an end. The former ultimately became analogous to foreign presence. The rebellion rallied around the now emboldened Empress Cixi in Beijing to support her will to retake the kingdom. The boxer militia became united in their course under the rule of the Empress and she seized the opportunity and ultimately declared war on the countries that threatened the sovereignty of The Middle Kingdom and the dynasty. These countries include Germany, Japan, France, Russia, United States, Italy, Austria, and the United Kingdom. The Empresss plan, however, failed and the western coalition quickly brought the kingdoms imperial army to its heels. The result was particularly dramatic and some of the biggest cities of Beijing and Tianjin continued to remain occupied for what seemed like forever. The coalition wreaked havoc on these cities and against the local dwellers. The atrocities committed was beyond overwhelming for ruling dynasty. It seemed the realm was coming to an ultimate downfall. Later in the year 1912, the last imperial dynasty would be overthrown in a revolution wherein the emperor was made to abdicate his throne and The Middle Kingdom would begin the process of transformation to a democratic system of governance. Sun Yat-Sen would assume the position as the first democratically elected president of the Republic. However, this progress would be short-lived given that after about 30 years, thered be an uprising from the regional warlords thatd connive against the central government. Sun who let the ruling Kuomintang party, would come up with the initiative of unifying the revolutionary groups which included the co mmunist party as one coalition as they shared the same principles. Sun presidential tenure would come to an end in 1925 and shortly after, the formed alliance of the communist party and the Kuomintang came crumbling down and this development would result in a civil war. Russia and China would take advantage of this situation and violate the Chinese sovereignty by launching an attack in the Manchuria regions while the Chinese government sought to settle its internal conflict. This was all in the 1930s and in the same period, China would be plagued with an episode of severe flooding that left over 4 million people dead. Mao who was the leader of the communist party at the time was faced with the challenge of consolidating power and bringing the entire internal and external conflict to a halt while threatened with extinction by the opposition, The Kuomintang. This presented a challenge as Mao Zedong and his forces were further driven east while the country remained mostly unattended to. Fast forward later in the year 1937, Japan that was on an expansionist agenda at the time would invade the rest of China that was under the control of the The Kuomintang and vulnerable due to the ongoing conflicts the Chinese government was involved in. The Japanese forces dealt a severe blow on The Kuomintang killing 300,000 Chinese forces and citizenry. This famously became known as the Nanking massacre which markedly changed the relations between the government of China and Tokyo. Later in the year 1940, Chinas luck would would turn for the better when Mao Zedong would find a new footing in challenging the status q uo by using the economic disparity amongst the Chinese citizenry to his advantage. He had the poor peasants from the eastern region to take on military ranks and formulate an actual army that was capable of standing up to western aggression. Mao was able to achieve his goal of sending the The Kuomintangs leader and his loyals off the Chinese Mainland to the Island of Taiwan. They were also able to challenge the Japanese aggression and had them packing in no time as well. The Kuomintang vacated the Mainland of China with over two million people who continued to maintain the identity of China while Mao Zedong declared the Mainland of China as The Peoples Republic of China. Under Maos government, a lot of reforms were introduced but the one that particularly struck a cord was the Great Leap Forward. This policy was essentially established to revitalise the Chinese economy with industrialization at the forefront of this effort in rural areas. The government put an end to subsistence farming and seized all the farmland and had millions of people relocated from the agriculture industry to work in Chinas growing heavy machinery industry. The agricultural industry output would fall as a result and The Communist Party representative were forced to overstate the actual output of the agriculture sector. This would lead to a five year long famine. The famine was severe and spread like wildfire claiming the lives of an estimated 23 to 55 million people. This brought Maos Great Leap Forward initiative to an abrupt halt which subsequently and steadily led to an economic decline that lasted for over two decades. These series of unfortunate events made people questio n Mao Zedongs leadership capabilities. This would lead to his temporary marginalization from the Chinese ruling elite who later requested him stepping down from his position as the overseer of The Peoples Republic of China. He, however, continued to enjoy significance as the symbol and face of the Republic. He essentially took a break while The Communist party general secretary, Deng Xiaoping took control over the governance of the nation and sought to roll back some of the failures of Maos Great Leap initiative. Later in the year 1966, Mao Zedong would launch a comeback against his political party with a quest to rid the party of his rivals and was able to accomplish this be introducing revolution in perpetuity. This way, he was able to launch a cultural revolution by galvanizing citizens of a lower socioeconomic status, including students, soldiers, mobilizing the lot of them to do bidding for restoring his position as the chairperson of The Communist Party and subsequently regaining control of the Peoples Republic of China. This movement became known as the Red Guards and they were brutal in their quest as they rounded up millions of targeted citizens rounding them up to reeducation camps in remote areas of China. The people rounded up included teachers, intellectuals and anyone that stood against the cultural revolution. Mao Zedong later consolidated power in all of China for a second time till his death in 1976. Maos legacy would continue to outlive him for most of the 20th century despite efforts by his successors to undo some of his work. The Communist Partys image essentially revolved around the era of opium wars; a period that was referred to as the century of Humiliation. This period of humiliation was essentially in the shaping the of Chinas geopolitics and perception of their immediate neighbors and the international community as a whole. It was also such that a total of 21 historic documentations were officiated during the Chinas opium saga as the Unfair treaties. This dark history has thereby caused most of the lawmakers in Beijing to have a distrust of the western civilization outside of it geopolitic space and has nurtured the idea of emulating the west its main adversary in order to be able to counter their plans if there were to ever be an attack on their sovereignty again. Chinas. however, focused on its geoeconomics objective which it believes will help it grow its sphere of influence and make new allies as opposed to taking an aggressive military stance like its counterparts in the west do. This is, however, unlikely to remain the status quo as China has taken a rather emboldened approach with what is a supposedly newfound expansionist mindset as they continue to lay territorial claims around Asia threatening their original geoeconomics objective. These latest steps taken by Beijing under the current Xi Jinping have been perceived by potential allies as an aggressive posture and has been condemned by the international community as a violation of international laws.

Organ Systems Involved With Performing Or Assisting With...

There are several organ systems involved with performing or assisting with the action of typing. The integumentary system acts as a barrier to protect the fingers from harm or pathogenic agents from the keyboard. Thick skin, such as the skin of palms, has five skin layers including the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum, in order to protect the fingers from wear and tear. The integumentary system also provides protection with chemical barriers such as the acid mantle, which retards bacterial growth; human defensin, which kills bacteria; and cathelicidins, which prevent infections. Biological barriers in the epidermis such as Langerhans cells, tissue macrophages that act as antigen presenting cells, are also present. The integumentary system is also responsible for cutaneous sensation by sending signals received from Merkel cells in the epidermis and Meissner’s corpuscles in the dermis to the brain via nerves. The nervous system is in charge of carrying signals from the fingers to the brain, processing information, and sending signals back from the brain to the fingers. The nervous system’s afferent nerves carry signals from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system, neural integration is carried out by interneurons, and efferent neurons send signals back from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system. Neurons conduct messages in the form of nerve impulses. They have dendrites toShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCourier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission

The Golden Compass Chapter Twenty-One Free Essays

string(76) " since leaving Jordan College, and it brought a choking gasp to her throat\." Chapter Twenty-One Lord Asriel’s Welcome Lyra rode a strong young bear, and Roger rode another, while lorek paced tirelessly ahead and a squad armed with a fire hurler followed guarding the rear. The way was long and hard. The interior of Svalbard was mountainous, with jumbled peaks and sharp ridges deeply cut by ravines and steep-sided valleys, and the cold was intense. We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Compass Chapter Twenty-One or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lyra thought back to the smooth-running sledges of the gyp-tians on the way to Bolvangar; how swift and comfortable that progress now seemed to have been! The air here was more penetratingly chill than any she had experienced before; or it might have been that the bear she was riding wasn’t as lightfooted as lorek; or it might have been that she was tired to her very soul. At all events, it was desperately hard going. She knew little of where they were bound, or how far it was. All she knew was what the older bear S0ren Eisarson had told her while they were preparing the fire hurler. He had been involved in negotiating with Lord Asriel about the terms of his imprisonment, and he remembered it well. At first, he’d said, the Svalbard bears regarded Lord Asriel as being no different from any of the other politicians, kings, or troublemakers who had been exiled to their bleak island. The prisoners were important, or they would have been killed outright by their own people; they might be valuable to the bears one day, if their political fortunes changed and they returned to rule in their own countries; so it might pay the bears not to treat them with cruelty or disrespect. So Lord Asriel had found conditions on Svalbard no better and no worse than hundreds of other exiles had done. But certain things had made his jailers more wary of him than of other prisoners they’d had. There was the air of mystery and spiritual peril surrounding anything that had to do with Dust; there was the clear panic on the part of those who’d brought him there; and there were Mrs. Coulter’s private communications with lofur Raknison. Besides, the bears had never met anything quite like Lord Asriel’s own haughty and imperious nature. He dominated even lofur Raknison, arguing forcefully and eloquently, and persuaded the bear-king to let him choose his own dwelling place. The first one he was allotted was too low down, he said. He needed a high spot, above the smoke and stir of the fire mines and the smithies. He gave the bears a design of the accommodation he wanted, and told them where it should be; and he bribed them with gold, and he flattered and bullied lofur Raknison, and with a bemused willingness the bears set to work. Before long a house had arisen on a headland facing north: a wide and solid place with fireplaces that burned great blocks of coal mined and hauled by bears, and with large windows of real glass. There he dwelt, a prisoner acting like a king. And then he set about assembling the materials for a laboratory. With furious concentration he sent for books, instruments, chemicals, all manner of tools and equipment. And somehow it had come, from this source or that; some openly, some smuggled in by the visitors he insisted he was entitled to have. By land, sea, and air, Lord Asriel assembled his materials, and within six months of his committal, he had all the equipment he wanted. And so he worked, thinking and planning and calculating, waiting for the one thing he needed to complete the task that so terrified the Oblation Board. It was drawing closer every minute. Lyra’s first glimpse of her father’s prison came when lorek Byrnison stopped at the foot of a ridge for the children to move and stretch themselves, because they had been getting dangerously cold and stiff. â€Å"Look up there,† he said. A wide broken slope of tumbled rocks and ice, where a track had been laboriously cleared, led up to a crag outlined against the sky. There was no Aurora, but the stars were brilliant. The crag stood black and gaunt, but at its summit was a spacious building from which light spilled lavishly in all directions: not the smoky inconstant gleam of blubber lamps, nor the harsh white of anbaric spotlights, but the warm creamy glow of naphtha. The windows from which the light emerged also showed Lord Asriel’s formidable power. Glass was expensive, and large sheets of it were prodigal of heat in these fierce latitudes; so to see them here was evidence of wealth and influence far greater than lofur Raknison’s vulgar palace. Lyra and Roger mounted their bears for the last time, and lorek led the way up the slope toward the house. There was a courtyard that lay deep under snow, surrounded by a low wall, and as lorek pushed open the gate they heard a bell ring somewhere in the building. Lyra got down. She could hardly stand. She helped Roger down too, and, supporting each other, the children stumbled through the thigh-deep snow toward the steps up to the door. Oh, the warmth there would be inside that house! Oh, the peaceful rest! She reached for the handle of the bell, but before she could reach it, the door opened. There was a small dimly lit vestibule to keep the warm air in, and standing under the lamp was a figure she recognized: Lord Asriel’s manservant Thorold, with his pinscher daemon Anfang. Lyra wearily pushed back her hood. â€Å"Who†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thorold began, and then saw who it was, and went on: â€Å"Not Lyra? Little Lyra? Am I dreaming?† He reached behind him to open the inner door. A hall, with a coal fire blazing in a stone grate; warm naphtha light glowing on carpets, leather chairs, polished wood†¦ It was like nothing Lyra had seen since leaving Jordan College, and it brought a choking gasp to her throat. You read "The Golden Compass Chapter Twenty-One" in category "Essay examples" Lord Asriel’s snow-leopard daemon growled. Lyra’s father stood there, his powerful dark-eyed face at first fierce, triumphant, and eager; and then the color faded from it; his eyes widened, in horror, as he recognized his daughter. â€Å"No! No!† He staggered back and clutched at the mantelpiece. Lyra couldn’t move. â€Å"Get out!† Lord Asriel cried. â€Å"Turn around, get out, go! I did not send for you!† She couldn’t speak. She opened her mouth twice, three times, and then managed to say: â€Å"No, no, I came because – â€Å" He seemed appalled; he kept shaking his head, he held up his hands as if to ward her off; she couldn’t believe his distress. She moved a step closer to reassure him, and Roger came to stand with her, anxious. Their daemons fluttered out into the warmth, and after a moment Lord Asriel passed a hand across his brow and recovered slightly. The color began to return to his cheeks as he looked down at the two. â€Å"Lyra,† he said. â€Å"That is Lyra?† â€Å"Yes, Uncle Asriel,† she said, thinking that this wasn’t the time to go into their true relationship. â€Å"I came to bring you the alethiometer from the Master of Jordan.† â€Å"Yes, of course you did,† he said. â€Å"Who is this?† â€Å"It’s Roger Parslow,† she said. â€Å"He’s the kitchen boy from Jordan College. But – â€Å" â€Å"How did you get here?† â€Å"I was just going to say, there’s lorek Byrnison outside, he’s brought us here. He came with me all the way from Trollesund, and we tricked lofur – â€Å" â€Å"Who’s lorek Byrnison?† â€Å"An armored bear. He brought us here.† â€Å"Thorold,† he called, â€Å"run a hot bath for these children, and prepare them some food. Then they will need to sleep. Their clothes are filthy; find them something to wear. Do it now, while I talk to this bear.† Lyra felt her head swim. Perhaps it was the heat, or perhaps it was relief. She watched the servant bow and leave the hall, and Lord Asriel go into the vestibule and close the door behind, and then she half-fell into the nearest chair. Only a moment later, it seemed, Thorold was speaking to her. â€Å"Follow me, miss,† he was saying, and she hauled herself up and went with Roger to a warm bathroom, where soft towels hung on a heated rail, and where a tub of water steamed in the naphtha light. â€Å"You go first,† said Lyra. â€Å"I’ll sit outside and we’ll talk.† So Roger, wincing and gasping at the heat, got in and washed. They had swum naked together often enough, frolicking in the Isis or the Cherwell with other children, but this was different. â€Å"I’m afraid of your uncle,† said Roger through the open door. â€Å"I mean your father.† â€Å"Better keep calling him my uncle. I’m afraid of him too, sometimes.† â€Å"When we first come in, he never saw me at all. He only saw you. And he was horrified, till he saw me. Then he calmed down all at once.† â€Å"He was just shocked,† said Lyra. â€Å"Anyone would be, to see someone they didn’t expect. He last saw me after that time in the Retiring Room. It’s bound to be a shock.† â€Å"No,† said Roger, â€Å"it’s more than that. He was looking at me like a wolf, or summing.† â€Å"You’re imagining it.† â€Å"I en’t. I’m more scared of him than I was of Mrs. Coulter, and that’s the truth.† He splashed himself. Lyra took out the alethiometer. â€Å"D’you want me to ask the symbol reader about it?† Lyra said. â€Å"Well, I dunno. There’s things I’d rather not know. Seems to me everything I heard of since the Gobblers come to Oxford, everything’s been bad. There en’t been nothing good more than about five minutes ahead. Like I can see now, this bath’s nice, and there’s a nice warm towel there, about five minutes away. And once I’m dry, maybe I’ll think of summing nice to eat, but no further ahead than that. And when I’ve eaten, maybe I’ll look forward to a kip in a comfortable bed. But after that, I dunno, Lyra. There’s been terrible things we seen, en’t there? And more a coming, more’n likely. So I think I’d rather not know what’s in the future. I’ll stick to the present.† â€Å"Yeah,† said Lyra wearily. â€Å"There’s times I feel like that too.† So although she held the alethiometer in her hands for a little longer, it was only for comfort; she didn’t turn the wheels, and the swinging of the needle passed her by. Pantalaimon watched it in silence. After they’d both washed, and eaten some bread and cheese and drunk some wine and hot water, the servant Thorold said, â€Å"The boy is to go to bed. I’ll show him where to go. His Lordship asks if you’d join him in the library, Miss Lyra.† Lyra found Lord Asriel in a room whose wide windows overlooked the frozen sea far below. There was a coal fire under a wide chimneypiece, and a naphtha lamp turned down low, so there was little in the way of distracting reflections between the occupants of the room and the bleak starlit panorama outside. Lord Asriel, reclining in a large armchair on one side of the fire, beckoned her to come and sit in the other chair facing him. â€Å"Your friend lorek Byrnison is resting outside,† he said. â€Å"He prefers the cold.† â€Å"Did he tell you about his fight with lofur Raknison?† â€Å"Not in detail. But I understand that he is now the king of Svalbard. Is that true?† â€Å"Of course it’s true. lorek never lies.† â€Å"He seems to have appointed himself your guardian.† â€Å"No. John Faa told him to look after me, and he’s doing it because of that. He’s following John Faa’s orders.† â€Å"How does John Faa come into this?† â€Å"I’ll tell you if you tell me something,† she said. â€Å"You’re my father, en’t you?† â€Å"Yes. So what?† â€Å"So you should have told me before, that’s what. You shouldn’t hide things like that from people, because they feel stupid when they find out, and that’s cruel. What difference would it make if I knew I was your daughter? You could have said it years ago. You could’ve told me and asked me to keep it secret, and I would, no matter how young I was, I’d have done that if you asked me. I’d have been so proud nothing would’ve torn it out of me, if you asked me to keep it secret. But you never. You let other people know, but you never told me.† â€Å"Who did tell you?† â€Å"John Faa.† â€Å"Did he tell you about your mother?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Then there’s not much left for me to tell. I don’t think I want to be interrogated and condemned by an insolent child. I want to hear what you’ve seen and done on the way here.† â€Å"I brought you the bloody alethiometer, didn’t I?† Lyra burst out. She was very near to tears. â€Å"I looked after it all the way from Jordan, I hid it and I treasured it, all through what’s happened to us, and I learned about using it, and I carried it all this bloody way when I could’ve just given up and been safe, and you en’t even said thank you, nor showed any sign that you’re glad to see me. I don’t know why I ever done it. But I did, and I kept on going, even in lofur Raknison’s stinking palace with all them bears around me I kept on going, all on me own, and I tricked him into fighting with lorek so’s I could come on here for your sake†¦.And when you did see me, you like to fainted, as if I was some horrible thing you never wanted to see again. You en’t human, Lord Asriel. You en’t my father. My father wouldn’t treat me like that. Fathers are supposed to love their daughters, enâ⠂¬â„¢t they? You don’t love me, and I don’t love you, and that’s a fact. I love Farder Coram, and I love lorek Byrnison; I love an armored bear more’n I love my father. And I bet lorek Byrnison loves me more’n you do.† â€Å"You told me yourself he’s only following John Faa’s orders. If you’re going to be sentimental, I shan’t waste time talking to you.† â€Å"Take your bloody alethiometer, then, and I’m going back with lorek.† â€Å"Where?† â€Å"Back to the palace. He can fight with Mrs. Coulter and the Oblation Board, when they turn up. If he loses, then I’ll die too, I don’t care. If he wins, we’ll send for Lee Scoresby and I’ll sail away in his balloon and – â€Å" â€Å"Who’s Lee Scoresby?† â€Å"An aeronaut. He brought us here and then we crashed. Here you are, here’s the alethiometer. It’s all in good order.† He made no move to take it, and she laid it on the brass fender around the hearth. â€Å"And I suppose I ought to tell you that Mrs. Coulter’s on her way to Svalbard, and as soon as she hears what’s happened to lofur Raknison, she’ll be on her way here. In a zeppelin, with a whole lot of soldiers, and they’re going to kill us all, by order of the Magisterium.† â€Å"They’ll never reach us,† he said calmly. He was so quiet and relaxed that some of her ferocity dwindled. â€Å"You don’t know,† she said uncertainly. â€Å"Yes I do.† â€Å"Have you got another alethiometer, then?† â€Å"I don’t need an alethiometer for that. Now I want to hear about your journey here, Lyra. Start from the beginning. Tell me everything.† So she did. She began with her hiding in the Retiring Room, and went on to the Gobblers’ taking Roger, and her time with Mrs. Coulter, and everything else that had happened. It was a long tale, and when she finished it she said, â€Å"So there’s one thing I want to know, and I reckon I’ve got the right to know it, like I had the right to know who I really was. And if you didn’t tell me that, you’ve got to tell me this, in recompense. So: what’s Dust? And why’s everyone so afraid of it?† He looked at her as if trying to guess whether she would understand what he was about to say. He had never looked at her seriously before, she thought; until now he had always been like an adult indulging a child in a pretty trick. But he seemed to think she was ready. â€Å"Dust is what makes the alethiometer work,† he said. â€Å"Ah†¦I thought it might! But what else? How did they find out about it?† â€Å"In one way, the Church has always been aware of it. They’ve been preaching about Dust for centuries, only they didn’t call it by that name. â€Å"But some years ago a Muscovite called Boris Mikhailovitch Rusakov discovered a new kind of elementary particle. You’ve heard of electrons, photons, neutrinos, and the rest? They’re called elementary particles because you can’t break them down any further: there’s nothing inside them but themselves. Well, this new kind of particle was elementary all right, but it was very hard to measure because it didn’t react in any of the usual ways. The hardest thing for Rusakov to understand was why the new particle seemed to cluster where human beings were, as if it were attracted to us. And especially to adults. Children too, but not nearly so much until their daemons have taken a fixed form. During the years of puberty they begin to attract Dust more strongly, and it settles on them as it settles on adults. â€Å"Now all discoveries of this sort, because they have a bearing on the doctrines of the Church, have to be announced through the Magisterium in Geneva. And this discovery of Rusakov’s was so unlikely and strange that the inspector from the Consistorial Court of Discipline suspected Rusakov of diabolic possession. He performed an exorcism in the laboratory, he interrogated Rusakov under the rules of the Inquisition, but finally they had to accept the fact that Rusakov wasn’t lying or deceiving them: Dust really existed. â€Å"That left them with the problem of deciding what it was. And given the Church’s nature, there was only one thing they could have chosen. The Magisterium decided that Dust was the physical evidence for original sin. Do you know what original sin is?† She twisted her lips. It was like being back at Jordan, being quizzed on something she’d been half-taught. â€Å"Sort of,† she said. â€Å"No, you don’t. Go to the shelf beside the desk and bring me the Bible.† Lyra did so, and handed the big black book to her father. â€Å"You do remember the story of Adam and Eve?† ‘†Course,† she said. â€Å"She wasn’t supposed to eat the fruit and the serpent tempted her, and she did.† â€Å"And what happened then?† â€Å"Umm†¦They were thrown out. God threw them out of the garden.† â€Å"God had told them not to eat the fruit, because they would die. Remember, they were naked in the garden, they were like children, their daemons took on any form they desired. But this is what happened.† He turned to Chapter Three of Genesis, and read: â€Å"And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: â€Å"But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die. â€Å"And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: â€Å"For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and your daemons shall assume their true forms, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. â€Å"And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to reveal the true form of one’s daemon, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. â€Å"And the eyes of them both were opened, and they saw the true form of their daemons, and spoke with them. â€Å"But when the man and the woman knew their own daemons, they knew that a great change had come upon them, for until that moment it had seemed that they were at one with all the creatures of the earth and the air, and there was no difference between them: â€Å"And they saw the difference, and they knew good and evil; and they were ashamed, and they sewed fig leaves together to cover their nakedness†¦.† He closed the book. â€Å"And that was how sin came into the world,† he said, â€Å"sin and shame and death. It came the moment their daemons became fixed.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lyra struggled to find the words she wanted: â€Å"but it en’t true, is it? Not true like chemistry or engineering, not that kind of true? There wasn’t really an Adam and Eve? The Cassington Scholar told me it was just a kind of fairy tale.† â€Å"The Cassington Scholarship is traditionally given to a freethinker; it’s his function to challenge the faith of the Scholars. Naturally he’d say that. But think of Adam and Eve like an imaginary number, like the square root of minus one: you can never see any concrete proof that it exists, but if you include it in your equations, you can calculate all manner of things that couldn’t be imagined without it. â€Å"Anyway, it’s what the Church has taught for thousands of years. And when Rusakov discovered Dust, at last there was a physical proof that something happened when innocence changed into experience. â€Å"Incidentally, the Bible gave us the name Dust as well. At first they were called Rusakov Particles, but soon someone pointed out a curious verse toward the end of the Third Chapter of Genesis, where God’s cursing Adam for eating the fruit.† He opened the Bible again and pointed it out to Lyra. She read: â€Å"In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return†¦.† Lord Asriel said, â€Å"Church scholars have always puzzled over the translation of that verse. Some say it should read not ‘unto dust shalt thou return’ but ‘thou shalt be subject to dust,’ and others say the whole verse is a kind of pun on the words ‘ground’ and ‘dust,’ and it really means that God’s admitting his own nature to be partly sinful. No one agrees. No one can, because the text is corrupt. But it was too good a word to waste, and that’s why the particles became known as Dust.† â€Å"And what about the Gobblers?† Lyra said. â€Å"The General Oblation Board†¦Your mother’s gang. Clever of her to spot the chance of setting up her own power base, but she’s a clever woman, as I dare say you’ve noticed. It suits the Magisterium to allow all kinds of different agencies to flourish. They can play them off against one another; if one succeeds, they can pretend to have been supporting it all along, and if it fails, they can pretend it was a renegade outfit which had never been properly licensed. â€Å"You see, your mother’s always been ambitious for power. At first she tried to get it in the normal way, through marriage, but that didn’t work, as I think you’ve heard. So she had to turn to the Church. Naturally she couldn’t take the route a man could have taken – priesthood and so on – it had to be unorthodox; she had to set up her own order, her own channels of influence, and work through that. It was a good move to specialize in Dust. Everyone was frightened of it; no one knew what to do; and when she offered to direct an investigation, the Magisterium was so relieved that they backed her with money and resources of all kinds.† â€Å"But they were cutting – † Lyra couldn’t bring herself to say it; the words choked in her mouth. â€Å"You know what they were doing! Why did the Church let them do anything like that?† â€Å"There was a precedent. Something like it had happened before. Do you know what the word castration means? It means removing the sexual organs of a boy so that he never develops the characteristics of a man. A castrate keeps his high treble voice all his life, which is why the Church allowed it: so useful in Church music. Some castrati became great singers, wonderful artists. Many just became fat spoiled half-men. Some died from the effects of the operation. But the Church wouldn’t flinch at the idea of a little cut, you see. There was a precedent. And this would be so much more hygienic than the old methods, when they didn’t have anesthetics or sterile bandages or proper nursing care. It would be gentle by comparison.† â€Å"It isn’t!† Lyra said fiercely. â€Å"It isn’t!† â€Å"No. Of course not. That’s why they had to hide away in the far North, in darkness and obscurity. And why the Church was glad to have someone like your mother in charge. Who could doubt someone so charming, so well-connected, so sweet and reasonable? But because it was an obscure and unofficial kind of operation, she was someone the Magisterium could deny if they needed to, as well.† â€Å"But whose idea was it to do that cutting in the first place?† â€Å"It was hers. She guessed that the two things that happen at adolescence might be connected: the change in one’s daemon and the fact that Dust began to settle. Perhaps if the daemon were separated from the body, we might never be subject to Dust – to original sin. The question was whether it was possible to separate daemon and body without killing the person. But she’s traveled in many places, and seen all kinds of things. She’s traveled in Africa, for instance.The Africans have a way of making a slave called a zombi. It has no will of its own; it will work day and night without ever running away or complaining. It looks like a corpse†¦.† â€Å"It’s a person without their daemon!† â€Å"Exactly. So she found out that it was possible to separate them.† â€Å"And†¦Tony Costa told me about the horrible phantoms they have in the northern forests. I suppose they might be the same kind of thing.† â€Å"That’s right. Anyway, the General Oblation Board grew out of ideas like that, and out of the Church’s obsession with original sin.† Lord Asriel’s daemon twitched her ears, and he laid his hand on her beautiful head. â€Å"There was something else that happened when they made the cut,† he went on. â€Å"And they didn’t see it. The energy that links body and daemon is immensely powerful. When the cut is made, all that energy dissipates in a fraction of a second. They didn’t notice, because they mistook it for shock, or disgust, or moral outrage, and they trained themselves to feel numb towards it. So they missed what it could do, and they never thought of harnessing it†¦.† Lyra couldn’t sit still. She got up and walked to the window, and stared over the wide bleak darkness with unseeing eyes. They were too cruel. No matter how important it was to find out about original sin, it was too cruel to do what they’d done to Tony Makarios and all the others. Nothing justified that. â€Å"And what were you doing?† she said. â€Å"Did you do any of that cutting?† â€Å"I’m interested in something quite different. I don’t think the Oblation Board goes far enough. I want to go to the source of Dust itself.† â€Å"The source? Where’s it come from, then?† â€Å"From the other universe we can see through the Aurora.† Lyra turned around again. Her father was lying back in his chair, lazy and powerful, his eyes as fierce as his daemon’s. She didn’t love him, she couldn’t trust him, but she had to admire him, and the extravagant luxury he’d assembled in this desolate wasteland, and the power of his ambition. â€Å"What is that other universe?† she said. â€Å"One of uncountable billions of parallel worlds. The witches have known about them for centuries, but the first theologians to prove their existence mathematically were excommunicated fifty or more years ago. However, it’s true; there’s no possible way of denying it. â€Å"But no one thought it would ever be possible to cross from one universe to another. That would violate fundamental laws, we thought. Well, we were wrong; we learned to see the world up there. If light can cross, so can we. And we had to learn to see it, Lyra, just as you learned to use the alethiometer. â€Å"Now that world, and every other universe, came about as a result of possibility. Take the example of tossing a coin: it can come down heads or tails, and we don’t know before it lands which way it’s going to fall. If it comes down heads, that means that the possibility of its coming down tails has collapsed. Until that moment the two possibilities were equal. â€Å"But on another world, it does come down tails. And when that happens, the two worlds split apart. I’m using the example of tossing a coin to make it clearer. In fact, these possibility collapses happen at the level of elementary particles, but they happen in just the same way: one moment several things are possible, the next moment only one happens, and the rest don’t exist. Except that other worlds have sprung into being, on which they did happen. â€Å"And I’m going to that world beyond the Aurora,† he said, â€Å"because I think that’s where all the Dust in this universe comes from. You saw those slides I showed the Scholars in the retiring room. You saw Dust pouring into this world from the Aurora. You’ve seen that city yourself. If light can cross the barrier between the universes, if Dust can, if we can see that city, then we can build a bridge and cross. It needs a phenomenal burst of energy. But I can do it. Somewhere out there is the origin of all the Dust, all the death, the sin, the misery, the destructiveness in the world. Human beings can’t see anything without wanting to destroy it, Lyra. That’s original sin. And I’m going to destroy it. Death is going to die.† â€Å"Is that why they put you here?† â€Å"Yes. They are terrified. And with good reason.† He stood up, and so did his daemon, proud and beautiful and deadly. Lyra sat still. She was afraid of her father, and she admired him profoundly, and she thought he was stark mad; but who was she to judge? â€Å"Go to bed,† he said. â€Å"Thorold will show you where to sleep.† He turned to go. â€Å"You’ve left the alethiometer,† she said. â€Å"Ah, yes; I don’t actually need that now,† he said. â€Å"It would be no use to me without the books anyway. D’you know, I think the Master of Jordan was giving it to you. Did he actually ask you to bring it to me?† â€Å"Well, yes!† she said. But then she thought again, and realized that in fact the Master never had asked her to do that; she had assumed it all the time, because why else would he have given it to her? â€Å"No,† she said. â€Å"I don’t know. I thought – â€Å" â€Å"Well, I don’t want it. It’s yours, Lyra.† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Goodnight, child.† Speechless, too bewildered by this to voice any of the dozen urgent questions that pressed at her mind, she sat by the fire and watched him leave the room. How to cite The Golden Compass Chapter Twenty-One, Essay examples